MySQL 8 新特性之Invisible Indexes
背景 索引是把双刃剑,在提升查询速度的同时会减慢DML的操作。毕竟,索引的维护需要一定的成本。所以,对于索引,要加上该加的,删除无用的。前者是加法,后者是减法。但在实际
背景
索引是把双刃剑,在提升查询速度的同时会减慢DML的操作。毕竟,索引的维护需要一定的成本。所以,对于索引,要加上该加的,删除无用的。前者是加法,后者是减法。但在实际工作中,大家似乎更热衷于前者,而很少进行后者。究其原因,在于后者,难。难的不是操作本身,而是如何确认一个索引是无用的。
如何确认无用索引
在不可见索引出现之前,大家可以通过sys.schema_unused_indexes来确定无用索引。在MySQL 5.6中,即使没有sys库,也可通过该视图的基表来进行查询。
mysql> show create table sys.schema_unused_indexes\G
1. row
View: schema_unused_indexes
Create View: CREATE ALGORITHM=MERGE DEFINER=mysql.sys
@localhost
SQL SECURITY INVOKER VIEW sys
.schema_unused_indexes
(
object_schema
,object_name
,index_name
) AS select t
.OBJECT_SCHEMA
AS object_schema
,t
.OBJECT_NAME
AS object_name
,t
.INDEX_NAME
AS index_name
from (performance_schema
.table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage
t
join information_schema
.STATISTICS
s
on(((t
.OBJECT_SCHEMA
= convert(s
.TABLE_SCHEMA
using utf8mb4)) and (t
.OBJECT_NAME
= convert(s
.TABLE_NAME
using utf8mb4)) and (convert(t
.INDEX_NAME
using utf8) = s
.INDEX_NAME
)))) where ((t
.INDEX_NAME
is not null) and (t
.COUNT_STAR
= 0) and (t
.OBJECT_SCHEMA
<> 'mysql') and (t
.INDEX_NAME
<> 'PRIMARY') and (s
.NON_UNIQUE
= 1) and (s
.SEQ_IN_INDEX
= 1)) order by t
.OBJECT_SCHEMA
,t
.OBJECT_NAME
character_set_client: utf8mb4
collation_connection: utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
但这种方式也有不足,
1. 如果实例发生重启,performance_schema中的数据就会清零。
2. 如果基于上面的查询删除了索引,查询性能突然变差,怎么办?
不可见索引的出现,可有效弥补上述不足。将index设置为invisible,会导致优化器在选择执行计划时,自动忽略该索引,即便使用了FORCE INDEX。
当然,这个是由optimizer_switch变量中use_invisible_indexes选项决定的,默认为off。如果想看一个查询在索引调整前后执行计划的差别,可在会话级别调整use_invisible_indexes的值,如,
mysql> show create table slowtech.t1\G
1. row
Table: t1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE t1
(
id
int(11) NOT NULL,
name
varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id
),
KEY idx_name
(name
) /!80000 INVISIBLE /
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from slowtech.t1 where name='a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | 16.67 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> set session optimizer_switch="use_invisible_indexes=on";
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from slowtech.t1 where name='a'; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t1 | NULL | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 43 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
不可见索引的常见操作
create table t1(id int primary key,name varchar(10),index idx_name (name) invisible); alter table t1 alter index idx_name visible; alter table t1 alter index idx_name invisible;
如何查看哪些索引不可见
mysql> select table_schema,table_name,index_name,column_name,is_visible from information_schema.statistics where is_visible='no'; +--------------+------------+------------+-------------+------------+ | TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME | INDEX_NAME | COLUMN_NAME | IS_VISIBLE | +--------------+------------+------------+-------------+------------+ | slowtech | t1 | idx_name | name | NO | +--------------+------------+------------+-------------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注意
1. 主键索引不可被设置为invisible。
总结
以上所述是小编给大家介绍的MySQL 8 新特性之Invisible Indexes ,希望对大家有所帮助,如果大家有任何疑问欢迎给我留言,小编会及时回复大家的!