Ubuntu中MySQL的参数文件my.cnf示例详析

前言 对于MySQL的理解，我认为很多性能优化工作、主从主主复制都是在调整参数，来适应不同时期不同数量级的数据。 故，理解透彻my.cnf里的参数是永恒的话题；只有理解透彻了参数设

前言

对于MySQL的理解，我认为很多性能优化工作、主从主主复制都是在调整参数，来适应不同时期不同数量级的数据。

故，理解透彻my.cnf里的参数是永恒的话题；只有理解透彻了参数设置，才能在某些方面对数据库进行调优。

前几天刚接手一个MySQL数据，操作系统为Ubuntu 16.04.5 LTS，  数据库版本为5.7.23-0ubuntu0.16.04.1（APT方式安装的MySQL）。这个操作系统下的MySQL的配置文件my.cnf很多地方都让人有点不适应（跟之前的MySQL环境有些出入，之前都是维护RHEL、CentOS等操作系统环境下的MySQL）。

遂研究总结了一下。具体如下所示：

root@mylnx12:~# find / -name "my.cnf" /etc/alternatives/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf /var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/my.cnf root@mylnx12:~# locate my.cnf /etc/alternatives/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf.fallback /var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/my.cnf root@mylnx12:~# mysql --help | grep my.cnf order of preference, my.cnf, $MYSQL_TCP_PORT, /etc/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf ~/.my.cnf root@mylnx12:~# mysqld --verbose --help | grep -A 1 'Default options' Default options are read from the following files in the given order: /etc/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf ~/.my.cnf

从上面这些信息判断，MySQL的参数文件为/etc/mysql/my.cnf， 但是其他几个my.cnf又是什么情况呢？

root@mylnx12:~# ls -lrt /etc/alternatives/my.cnf lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 Sep 28 16:28 /etc/alternatives/my.cnf -> /etc/mysql/mysql.cnf

从上面信息可以看出，/etc/alternatives/my.cnf 其实是一个软连接，指向参数文件/etc/mysql/mysql.cnf

root@mylnx12:~# cat /var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/my.cnf auto /etc/mysql/my.cnf

/etc/mysql/my.cnf.fallback 100 /etc/mysql/mysql.cnf 200

光从上面这些信息，我们还看不出/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/my.cnf与其它配置文件my.cnf是什么关系。那么我们先来看看参数文件/etc/mysql/my.cnf,从下面信息，可以看出“/etc/mysql/my.cnf”是全局配置，“~/.my.cnf”隐藏文件是个人用户设置.

root@mylnx12:~# cat /etc/mysql/my.cnf

1. 1. The MySQL database server configuration file.
2. 1. You can copy this to one of:
3. • "/etc/mysql/my.cnf" to set global options,
4. • "~/.my.cnf" to set user-specific options.

6. One can use all long options that the program supports.

7. Run program with --help to get a list of available options and with

8. --print-defaults to see which it would actually understand and use.

9. 1. For explanations see

10. http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/server-system-variables.html

11. 1. • IMPORTANT: Additional settings that can override those from this file!

12. The files must end with '.cnf', otherwise they'll be ignored.

13. !includedir /etc/mysql/conf.d/ !includedir /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/

但是/etc/mysql/my.cnf参数文件下面没有任何参数设置，只看到下面两行设置，表示导入这两个目录里面的配置文件。

!includedir /etc/mysql/conf.d/    

#表示包含/etc/mysql/conf.d/这个路径下面的配置文件，前提是必须以为.cnf为后缀

!includedir /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/

#表示包含/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/这个路径下面的配置文件，前提是必须以为.cnf为后缀

其实MySQL的相关配置都位于mysqld.cnf（/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf）下面。使用相关参数测试了一下，确实都能生效。这种设置确实有点让刚接触的人有点不适应。暂时先总结到此！

root@mylnx12:~# cd /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/ root@mylnx12:/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d# ls -lrt total 8 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21 Feb 4 2017 mysqld_safe_syslog.cnf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3148 Oct 6 23:34 mysqld.cnf root@mylnx12:/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d# cat mysqld.cnf

1. 1. The MySQL database server configuration file.
2. 1. You can copy this to one of:
3. • "/etc/mysql/my.cnf" to set global options,
4. • "~/.my.cnf" to set user-specific options.

6. One can use all long options that the program supports.

7. Run program with --help to get a list of available options and with

8. --print-defaults to see which it would actually understand and use.

9. 1. For explanations see

10. http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/server-system-variables.html

11. This will be passed to all mysql clients

12. It has been reported that passwords should be enclosed with ticks/quotes

13. escpecially if they contain "#" chars...

14. Remember to edit /etc/mysql/debian.cnf when changing the socket location.

15. Here is entries for some specific programs

16. The following values assume you have at least 32M ram

[mysqld_safe] socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock nice = 0

[mysqld]

1. 1. • Basic Settings

2. user = mysql pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock port = 3306 basedir = /usr datadir = /var/lib/mysql tmpdir = /tmp lc-messages-dir = /usr/share/mysql skip-external-locking log_bin = mylnx12_bin server_id = 0 character-set-server=utf8mb4 collation-server=utf8mb4_general_ci

3. 1. Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on

4. localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure. bind-address = 10.21.6.7

5. 1. • Fine Tuning

6. key_buffer_size = 16M max_allowed_packet = 100M thread_stack = 192K thread_cache_size = 8

7. This replaces the startup script and checks MyISAM tables if needed

8. the first time they are touched myisam-recover-options = BACKUP #max_connections = 100 #table_cache = 64 #thread_concurrency = 10

9. 1. • Query Cache Configuration

10. query_cache_limit = 1M query_cache_size = 16M

11. 1. • Logging and Replication
12. 1. Both location gets rotated by the cronjob.

13. Be aware that this log type is a performance killer.

14. As of 5.1 you can enable the log at runtime! #general_log_file = /var/log/mysql/mysql.log #general_log = 1

15. 1. Error log - should be very few entries.

16. log_error = /var/log/mysql/error.log

17. 1. Here you can see queries with especially long duration #log_slow_queries = /var/log/mysql/mysql-slow.log #long_query_time = 2 #log-queries-not-using-indexes
18. 1. The following can be used as easy to replay backup logs or for replication.

19. note: if you are setting up a replication slave, see README.Debian about

20. other settings you may need to change. #server-id = 1 #log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log expire_logs_days = 10 max_binlog_size = 100M #binlog_do_db = include_database_name #binlog_ignore_db = include_database_name

21. 1. • InnoDB
22. 1. InnoDB is enabled by default with a 10MB datafile in /var/lib/mysql/.

23. Read the manual for more InnoDB related options. There are many!

24. 1. • Security Features
25. 1. Read the manual, too, if you want chroot!

26. chroot = /var/lib/mysql/

27. 1. For generating SSL certificates I recommend the OpenSSL GUI "tinyca".
28. 1. ssl-ca=/etc/mysql/cacert.pem

29. ssl-cert=/etc/mysql/server-cert.pem #: ssl-key=/etc/mysql/server-key.pem

总结

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